 |
# n$ \% p; c, w' _% ]) P, Q5 \7 H* B* Q7 k9 i
3 k5 J; v; G1 R2 {' Z! o 最近纷纷扰扰的辽宁女在网上大骂灾区的言论(视频我还没看过)引起了很多人的关注
) ^% n9 c# Y. o当然
8 z" E( w7 |) d如果那些文字确实是辽宁女说的$ y6 b* G4 G7 @: [, E# W
毫无疑问
3 ?9 O3 x/ s+ O5 Y此人在道德水准上确实是有严重的缺失% I) H4 y# V) |# {
是值得大家的声讨和鄙视的+ v" n; G) [5 Q) @
但是* I& E# `8 E, |/ l
声讨和鄙视万了呢?我们是不是就必须做些什么?这时候8 f' T* X3 k W! Z" _. |
我在一些论坛的留言版上看到了一些论坛
. k) y% s, O, ~3 ?. F# V h其中的大意就是此女该杀或者说若不是po.li.ce保护起来, ?7 _# j/ P6 I& W
此女就只剩下收尸了
! }% S7 z; b% l8 x4 D9 G# K这
/ B& \' v# r3 H很难不令我联想到“私刑”这一个词
% {/ y4 S$ J1 |, x什么叫私刑?首先先看下定义:2 D1 s# C% m/ D+ H
私刑
" I$ C6 X8 S8 Y- w8 f5 ~0 Z* ?指没有经过法定程序进行www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQUUlQTElRTUlODglQTQ%3D]审判) i0 i+ p$ o; A: C7 Y
而是由www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQjglQUElRTQlQkElQkE%3D]个人或非www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU2JUIzJTk1JUU1JUFFJTlBJUU2JTlDJU××××JUU2JTlFJTg0JmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]法定机构(比如中国古代的www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQUUlOTclRTYlOTclOEY%3D]宗族)执行的www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlODglOTElRTclQkQlOUE%3D]刑罚; q5 ^7 e \, A" k4 G
私刑的www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU2JTg5JUE3JUU4JUExJThDJmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]执行通常都是血腥和残暴的9 J6 V2 ]; ^# G |) a, V
私刑在大部分国家和地区是非法行为
' Y. n: y* c& N3 j 但由于种种原因
: z' J6 C& |1 }某些私刑可能是国家www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU5JUJCJTk4JUU4JUFFJUI4JmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]默许的
, C% a" x) M7 x$ z2 u比如:在中国古代
8 s& E( c( u# U: Y宗族对宗族内部成员执行私刑是不受www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU4JUJGJUJEJUU3JUE5JUI2JmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]追究的
! o0 p( Y* }! Y$ A私刑作为一种推定有罪的惩罚形式 V) D7 \$ t9 b6 P8 j
通常由自行指派的委员会、暴民或自发组织的治安维持者在没有法律程序的情况下所执行
* a9 t8 Y; Q9 v 私刑在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQkUlOEUlRTUlOUMlOEIlRTUlODUlQTclRTYlODglQjA%3D]美国内战前便存在於www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQkUlOEUlRTUlOUMlOEI%3D]美国各州
; D( L' m% H- W2 U) H t% B; f0 H特别是南方各州与西部屯垦区% g1 ?3 R$ d2 ~% |! r
「Lynching」这个词汇被认为源自www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQkUlOEUlRTUlOUMlOEIlRTclOEQlQTglRTclQUIlOEIlRTYlODglQjAlRTclODglQUQ%3D]美国独立战争时
1 Q$ }9 ^9 [7 ~4 L/ z+ c5 C2 c; ?www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQjYlQUQlRTUlOTAlODklRTUlQjAlQkMlRTQlQkElOUUlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]维吉尼亚州治安法官 Charles Lynch 对www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQkYlOUQlRTclOUElODclRTklQkIlQTg%3D]保皇党所命令的不受法律支配的刑罚
7 ~# w- y% L9 E& ^4 c 在内战前的南方% i8 {5 U5 f5 ~9 Z# J8 n
www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQkIlQTIlRTUlQTUlQjQlRTQlQjglQkIlRTclQkUlQTk%3D]废奴主义的支持者常是暴民执行私刑的目标. t7 S3 T7 k' M/ v3 L
战後
* Z5 x0 j. [9 S0 ]( J" q私刑是www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTYlODElOTAlRTYlODAlOTYlRTQlQjglQkIlRTclQkUlQTk%3D]恐怖主义的一种型式
+ d' b- G- P9 k5 P' ^用来威吓自由的黑人投票和取得政治力量/ h5 j7 L% {, E7 Q/ z/ T
一项对www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODY4JUU1JUI5JUI0]1868年至www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODcxJUU1JUI5JUI0]1871年的治安调查估计www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQjglODl××××UU5JUJCJUE4]三K党参与了超过400件私刑2 h% g" E; x; D9 D+ k" V9 ]! y8 h) f K
黑人常被执行私刑因为他们被指控对抗白人的罪名;然而根据记者 Ida B. Wells 的研究9 ?9 E+ I1 c( m8 W" b
许多罪名经常被夸大" |4 A1 G. O2 b& I
或根本没有发生www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-0][1]
3 s* {6 G+ t- \: ^2 k群众暴力变成执行www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclOTklQkQlRTQlQkElQkElRTUlODQlQUElRTglQjYlOEElRTQlQjglQkIlRTclQkUlQTk%3D]白人优越主义和延伸www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU2JTk0JUJGJUU2JUIyJUJCJUU2JTgxJTkwJUU2JTgwJTk2JUU0JUI4JUJCJUU3JUJFJUE5JmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]政治恐怖主义的工具" z, _4 R# `- J; Q) f& u" }
三K党) g5 R3 x- b/ \
准军事组织# m4 R2 O( @: q8 l" r; P& F
和其他由於挫折和愤怒所联合的白人
' B3 T( f, N3 q9 d4 M! \( @* @7 Y无礼地维护www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTYlQjAlOTElRTQlQjglQkIlRTklQkIlQTg%3D]民主党 (在当时是一个公开宣扬白人优越主义的政党) 的利益
$ g2 p' U& ]* C- E 在选举期间的非法暴力范围和强度+ }/ e1 s1 y0 r$ `4 ^
到达了流行性的程度;这让历史学者 William Gillette 认为这段时期的美国南方陷入了www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTYlQjglQjglRTUlODclQkIlRTYlODglOTg%3D]游击战的状态www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-1][2]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-2][3]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-3][4]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-4][5]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-5][6]- i9 w$ r7 N5 Z8 ~0 Y' h
在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTklODclOEQlRTUlQkIlQkElRTYlOTklODIlRTYlOUMlOUY%3D]重建时期 (www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODY1JUU1JUI5JUI0]1865年 - www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODc3JUU1JUI5JUI0]1877年)
7 i- w7 u% C+ w( P; ywww.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQjglODl××××UU5JUJCJUE4]三K党和其他组织常执行私刑来控制www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTklOUQlOUUlRTglQTMlOTQlRTclQkUlOEUlRTUlOUMlOEIlRTQlQkElQkE%3D]非裔美国人 M7 H* s* E! U, u$ L; F1 w" _
强迫他们回去种田
; U* v4 E! X# F# [4 H阻止他们去投票www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-6][7]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-7][8]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-8][9]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-9][10]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-10][11]/ Z7 C" |% j, O* P( r& j' N
在战後时期
9 O. b; T# g$ V+ ]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlODUlQjElRTUlOTIlOEMlRTklQkIlQTg%3D]共和党白人也常是私刑的受害者
1 o9 m4 s" y3 ]- Z* p 联邦军队在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9MTg3MSVFNSVCOSVCNCVFNiVCMCU5MSVFNiVBQyU4QSVFNiVCMyU5NSVFNiVBMSU4OCZhbXA7YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmYW1wO3JlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D]1871年民权法案的执行下取缔了大部份的三K党
# j: \# g1 m* y& l* f 1877年重建时期结束* v1 I+ j( V$ m7 k: u9 T& L
联邦军队撤出後! c2 ]; o: e8 N
南方白人重新掌控了几乎所有的政府和法院职位
% l6 t3 M, O7 ~2 Q' B4 f2 X4 z 南方立法者透过法律程序来有效的限制非裔美国人的权利
4 ?8 H' A4 v% l* Y! {) u' x南方基本上回到战前种族隔离和歧视的状态
' I" a/ Z3 L' z# M3 V' D ^) O( l私刑短暂的衰退
% k, e$ P4 p4 }; \+ a但在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOSVFNCVCOCU5NiVFNyVCNCU4MA%3D%3D]19世纪末又开始增加
x+ N. ?- C" d9 @7 y 私刑的数量在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODkyJUU1JUI5JUI0]1892年达到高峰
" C+ {) X1 N! i1 E共有230件
7 T1 H6 v( y! P. G但这种非法行为一直持续到了www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8yMCVFNCVCOCU5NiVFNyVCNCU4MA%3D%3D]20世纪' b: X0 C8 ?" h8 r- b% k! r
www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTM1JUU1JUI5JUI0]1935年仍有20件www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-MSNBC_News-11][12]
1 U' _' _- W [6 P" z% \4 i" E 阿拉巴马州www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU1JUExJTk0JUU2JTk2JUFGJUU2JThGJTkwJUU1JTkwJTg5JUU1JUFEJUI4JUU5JTk5JUEyJmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7cmVkbGluaz0x]塔斯提吉学院纪录了www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODgwJUU1JUI5JUI0]1880年到www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTUxJUU1JUI5JUI0]1951年的私刑案例' W- ]' `( a& R$ j8 z0 K
显示了3437名黑人和1293名白人受害者
9 l6 C) U7 [. b( B* A7 a几乎全部是共和党党员
# @3 g' O/ K* Y1 ^ 美国历史上最大的单一私刑事件发生於www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODczJUU1JUI5JUI0]1873年www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS80JUU2JTlDJTg4MTMlRTYlOTclQTU%3D]4月13日www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTglQjclQUYlRTYlOTglOTMlRTYlOTYlQUYlRTUlQUUlODklRTklODIlQTMlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]路易斯安那州的 Colfax
; R3 \7 r( `, i' m* F共一次处决了280名黑人2 n4 |/ [) Y1 r/ T- ?/ I6 t
非裔美国人透过抗议、游行、写作等方式来抗议私刑- D9 Q9 g/ U9 D9 p4 ^' z
在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTE1JUU1JUI5JUI0]1915年一个正当化私刑和三K党的电影《www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQjglODAlRTUlODAlOEIlRTUlOUMlOEIlRTUlQUUlQjYlRTclOUElODQlRTglQUElOTUlRTclOTQlOUY%3D]一个国家的诞生》放映後# b5 x& A+ e2 f+ V
三K党重新组织* ^4 H7 a* \6 Y0 T/ Y9 s
并开始重新使用私刑来恐吓非裔美国人2 p" }/ X3 A5 |! g# _* g. c# N
受害者通常是黑人男性
/ e5 l7 j4 G- G! V* w7 A3 D有时女性
$ o4 \3 s% _1 P$ m7 {通常被指控攻击或强暴白人
3 S4 _( G/ e/ {0 j6 \ Y 大部份的私刑在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTYwJUU1JUI5JUI0JUU0JUJCJUEz]1960年代後消失( V1 s u3 Q& |/ E0 A4 \, M
塔斯提吉学院记录了www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xODgyJUU1JUI5JUI0]1882年到www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTY4JUU1JUI5JUI0]1968年发生於美国的4743个私刑处决案例
+ S8 ^. I, z4 d1 C- f5 V9 z但实际数字可能更高' k8 N8 z) v" Y4 J
因为这个数字的主要来源是报纸: d" _2 k( w; C: z" {
其中3446名受害者为非裔美国人
6 N+ K" K4 y. T2 j4 n6 F4 \ 私刑发生於美国本土除了四个州 (www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQkElQjclRTQlQjklODMlRTclOEIlODQlRTUlODUlOEIlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]康乃狄克州、www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTklQkElQkIlRTglOTYlQTklRTglQUIlQjglRTUlQTElOUUlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]麻萨诸塞州、www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQkUlODUlRTUlQkUlQjclRTUlQjMlQjYlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]罗德岛州和www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQkQlOUIlRTglOTIlOTklRTclODklQjklRTUlQjclOUU%3D]佛蒙特州)以外的每一个州
' x. I/ i" V) C: ]3 J6 d6 F+ \但绝大多数集中於棉花带 - www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTklOTglQkYlRTYlOEIlODklRTUlQjclQjQlRTklQTYlQUMlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]阿拉巴马州、www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlOTYlQUMlRTYlQjIlQkIlRTQlQkElOUUlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]乔治亚州、www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTglQjclQUYlRTYlOTglOTMlRTYlOTYlQUYlRTUlQUUlODklRTklODIlQTMlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]路易斯安那州、www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQUYlODYlRTglQTUlQkYlRTglQTUlQkYlRTYlQUYlOTQlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]密西西比州和www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTUlQkUlQjclRTUlODUlOEIlRTglOTYlQTklRTYlOTYlQUYlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]德克萨斯州www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-MSNBC_News-11][12]www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-12][13]5 n/ g' g) }4 V; {; k
www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTE4JUU1JUI5JUI0]1918年www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTQlQkMlOEElRTUlODglQTklRTglQUIlQkUlRTUlQjclOUU%3D]伊利诺州众议员 Leonidas Dyer 向国会提案《反私刑法》' X( d9 S2 o- b$ l/ ~7 C
这个法案於www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTIyJUU1JUI5JUI0]1922年在众议院通过
2 ]* v% k% _0 \0 D而且在参议院委员会也得到多数的支持;不过却由於南方保守派议员的冗长演说下而阻挠中断
4 v3 p. P w* i. \( x# A 1960年代的www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8lRTclQkUlOEUlRTUlOUMlOEIlRTYlQjAlOTElRTYlQUMlOEElRTklODElOEIlRTUlOEIlOTU%3D]美国民权运动改变了大众的态度
* A/ `# l* N+ | S3 _- H6 e: I6 k国会在www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8xOTY0JUU1JUI5JUI0]1964年通过《www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9MTk2NCVFNSVCOSVCNCVFNiVCMCU5MSVFNiVBQyU4QSVFNiVCMyU5NSVFNiVBMSU4OCZhbXA7YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmYW1wO3JlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D]1964年民权法案》宣布种族隔离和歧视政策为非法後
4 U/ A( _: t$ d+ D m. f9 b这个议题也不了了之; D- a) u7 R2 ?
www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS8y××××A1JUU1JUI5JUI0]2005年6月13日, h4 J9 v0 g. F$ P
参议院对过去没有通过《反私刑法》而正式道歉www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_note-MSNBC_News-11][12]7 L& ]# v( ]& s7 [" o& r
. _6 B: F+ Z% ?
[www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvdy9pbmRleC5waHA%2FdGl0bGU9JUU3JUE3JTgxJUU1JTg4JTkxJmFtcDthY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZhbXA7c2VjdGlvbj0y]编辑] 注解9 S# b& v6 L; ~$ ~; o
$ k3 e; y) p# K" |
<LI id=_note-0>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-0]^ Lynching www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuY2FydGEubXNuLmNvbS9lbmN5Y2xvcGVkaWFfNzYxNTc2ODUzL0x5bmNoaW5nLmh0bWw%3D][1] <LI id=_note-1>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-1]^ Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930 by W. Fitzhugh Brundage (University of Illinois Press: 1993) I××××N-13: 978-0252063459 <LI id=_note-2>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-2]^ Barry A. Crouch, "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868," Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 217-26 <LI id=_note-3>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-3]^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. 119-23; <LI id=_note-4>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-4]^ J.C.A. Stagg, "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871," Journal of American Studies 8 (Dec. 1974): 303-18 <LI id=_note-5>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-5]^ Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction Harper & Row, 1979 <LI id=_note-6>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-6]^ Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930 by W. Fitzhugh Brundage (University of Illinois Press: 1993) I××××N-13: 978-0252063459 <LI id=_note-7>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-7]^ Barry A. Crouch, "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868," Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 217-26 <LI id=_note-8>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-8]^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. 119-23 <LI id=_note-9>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-9]^ J.C.A. Stagg, "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871," Journal of American Studies 8 (Dec. 1974): 303-18 <LI id=_note-10>www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-10]^ Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction Harper & Row, 1979 <LI id=_note-MSNBC_News-11>^ www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-MSNBC_News_11-0]12.0 www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-MSNBC_News_11-1]12.1 www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-MSNBC_News_11-2]12.2 MSNBC News Services, "Senate apologizes for inaction on lynchings", Jun. 13, 2005, MSNBC News. www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5tc25iYy5tc24uY29tL2lkLzgy××××Y2OTcv]msnbc.msn.com. - j+ k) ]" y0 {- ]2 d r
www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3poLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS%2Fnp4HliJE%3D&hl=ed#_ref-12]^ Dahleen Glanton, "Controversial exhibit on lynching opens in Atlanta" May 5, 2002, Chicago Tribune. www.learncalculus.info/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3dlYi5hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy93ZWIvMjAwNTAzMTEx××××A5MTcvaHR0cDovL3d3dy5kZWx0YXNpZ21hdGhldGEuY29tL2FyY2hpdjEzLmh0bQ%3D%3D]Reproduced online
% p4 ]- ^! d L$ U+ ^2 E$ ^( X5 |) b(以上条目转自维基百科)
0 O0 c$ L. N7 c很明显
/ x) V4 N9 U( h2 _0 m$ Z2 m6 x私刑的最大问题在于所做出的判决没有经过法院的审判5 d" b7 \$ x" F$ @0 G+ C
但是% A. _& j/ `1 ?( B
大家都知道的
7 v6 X- O1 G+ n8 N }; r7 C h 法院
7 {2 i( k: ~9 ~% m: `( y. ^作为一个国家机构唯一的司法机关' z8 h! C7 ] {' \" x: l6 u! ^
是唯一一个有权根据法律对相应人士进行判决的
& G2 F1 |: M, t+ I) } 而且
5 [- s, i' D8 g z是必须根据法律做出判决
/ o1 t. ^0 B1 a1 d$ Z! r 也就是说纪事是法院的判决
3 `+ U. v2 p3 b9 V7 t% Q9 l如果超越了法律
8 y* ?' L0 O( N* L) M: {也一样是无效的/ C+ a6 V5 }, T( j6 H
当然
7 _& E7 l& Z, u. f% O# N有心建立新的政权的同学可以无视& l7 D! F7 B* n2 d
那么
9 P9 U' q" S C7 p( v这就问题来了
1 P% ~$ K0 N9 |0 V r/ Z既然只有法院才有权利对机构或者他人进行裁决
' J1 ^) c$ Z9 a/ x6 h$ z4 G 那么我们有什么权利在声讨完后继续要求对辽宁女进行人身恐吓或者身体方面的攻击?
& w" d' Q% Z4 V. o# o或许很多人的认为是此女在灾区重建的过程中发表此等言论确实无论如何都不能算得上是正确之举. Y- S; U: p9 S6 ^( D' z
甚至于接近于混蛋性质& K& X& f) m( y% c
但是
6 F8 w, `# j/ _( L; y" F我们必须记住:无论怎样
, W$ O* k f b道德方面的声讨就是道德方面的声讨! V m8 }% |4 T e7 U: z% X
我们始终无法代替法院的存在
2 d& k. l% J$ A* K: w5 X4 c 伏尔泰的那句:我誓死不同意你的发言
7 R P, q5 q. g- P& N但是誓死维护你发言的权利
% y' Z) e2 y A1 \0 l3 g; v 今天看来依然不过时; K& \" |7 ?3 G' u' \8 [
不然的话
+ A7 G- F. t& {# N1 b今天你有权利因为别人的言论而伤害别人8 G- U& O# i! X: X
明天
+ S5 f3 L' V, C( r. {1 h h别人也会有权利因为你的权利来伤害你
; \4 s9 J% b) u* d$ n% m节录《人权宣言》第三条: 整个主权的本原主要是寄托于国民2 x% {6 b' t! I" \1 y' e( ^
任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力
, H4 {6 Y6 X) s+ s' A8 {3 w) @7 D- f q
4 Z) w3 ~* b& V7 [# {( _ Y5 m# ] C7 T X5 r
+ W/ z' v4 }! _
| |